Gregor mendel who was marie curie and what was her major contribution to science
LONG Island BIOLOGISTS WINS NOBEL IN MEDICINE
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October 11, 1983
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Dr. Barbara McClintock, an 81-year- old scientist from Common cold Bound Harbor, L.I., won the 1983 Nobel Prize for medicine yesterday for her discovery that genes can movement from one spot to another on the chromosomes of a plant and change the future generations of plants it produces.
She was cited for work she had washed on corn four decades ago, work that scientists once regarded as heretical. Only in the last decade have researchers begun to realize the importance of that work and to extend its insights into diseases of humans and animals.
Dr. McClintock'south award was unusual not only in that it came so long afterward the enquiry it historic, but in other respects too. She was the offset woman to win an unshared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, every bit the category is officially known, and only the third adult female to win the laurels in that category. And she was only the third adult female to win an unshared Nobel science prize. The first was Marie Curie in 1911 and the second Dorothy C. Hodgkin in 1964, both for chemistry.
In recent years, the Nobel committee has oftentimes named up to three winners for the medical category. Committee members said the honor went to Dr. McClintock alone because she published by herself. They described her as ''a loner,'' just a scientist who remained electric current with modern biology. I member recalled that when he arrived at five P.M. to visit Dr. McClintock at her laboratory at Cold Jump Harbor, she said, ''Excuse me for being hoarse, only I have not yet used my vocal cords today.''
In the belatedly 1940'due south and 50'southward, Dr. McClintock discovered ''mobile genetic elements,'' at present sometimes chosen ''jumping genes,'' whose precise alignment along the strands of chromosomes can be transposed. Chromosomes are bundles of hereditary information in both animals and plants that determine future cell construction and office.
In recognizing Dr. McClintock'due south achievements, the Nobel committee, which is composed of members of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, said she had been ''far ahead of'' the enormous developments that had occurred in contempo decades in genetics, including the discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (Deoxyribonucleic acid), a bones chemical substance of genes.
The committee also pointed out that she had published solitary, with little response from her scientific peers, much similar Gregor Mendel did in the 19th century. Mendel, the monk who discovered the basic patterns of inheritance in studies on garden peas.
At a news conference later on the announcement, members of the Nobel committee chosen attention several times to the extraordinary length of time it took for scientists to recognize the significance of both Mendel'southward research and Dr. McClintock'southward work. They credited Dr. McClintock with ''great ingenuity and intellectual stringency.''
The prizes were established past the will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, and were first awarded in 1901. Under the original terms of the will, the awards were to go to scientists who made their discoveries in the previous year, but the increasing complication of science fabricated that standard virtually incommunicable to follow. The Nobel awards are non fabricated posthumously.
Dr. McClintock, who works and lives at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, went out to option walnuts forth a wooded path near her house merely after she learned of the laurels from a radio broadcast.
She said, ''The prize is such an extraordinary honor. It might seem unfair, however, to reward a person for having then much pleasure over the years, request the maize plant to solve specific bug and then watching its responses.''
Afterwards, at a news briefing at Cold Spring Harbor yesterday afternoon, Dr. McClintock said, ''Y'all don't need the public recognition; y'all just need the respect of your colleagues.''
The Nobel Prize is the latest of many awards bestowed in on Dr. McClintock in contempo years for her studies, which scientists believe become a long way toward explaining the extensive genetic variability that occurs in nature. Dr. McClintock, whose degree is a Ph.D. in phytology, studied the genetic mutations by examining the changes of color and texture of the pigment in corn kernels and of the leaves of the growing institute. She correlated areas of intense pigmentation of kernels of corn with abnormalities of the chromosomes.
In an interview two years ago, Dr. McClintock said that because she received simply three requests for reprints of an article on jumping genes that she wrote in a scientific journal in 1953 she decided to confine well-nigh of her writing to the almanac reports of the Carnegie Establishment, which helps finance her laboratory.
From Dr. McClintock's piece of work has likewise led to greater understanding of some homo diseases. It has helped scientists learn how jumping genes tin can pass on resistance to antibiotic drugs. When bacteria develop resistance to an antibody, the leaner's genes governing that resistance may be passed on, through jumping genes, to other leaner.
They as well learned how a type of single-celled parasite that causes African sleeping sickness, the trypanosome, tin can, through jumping genes, change its surface properties to avoid the immune defenses of humans and animals.
Recent evidence suggests, too, that mobile genetic elements are involved in the transformation of normal cells into those that form cancers and tumors.
Dr. McClintock's experiments were made before molecular biology had go the major scientific discipline that it is today. Scientists had once assumed that genes were held firmly in place in chromosomes, like the pearls on a necklace.
She plant the first jumping cistron on what is known as the short arm of chromosome 9. Because the factor broke the chromosome in 2 parts, she chosen it DS, for dissociation element. In her papers of the time, Dr. McClintock called the jumping genes ''control elements'' because they inactivated neighboring genes on the chromosome. Further, Dr. McClintock reasoned that in addition to DS there was another element controlling gene activity. She called it Air conditioning for activator.
All the same, every bit one Nobel commission member said yesterday, when Dr. McClintock was reporting those findings, ''just about v geneticists in the world could appreciate them considering of the complication of the work.''
Source: https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/11/science/long-island-biologists-wins-nobel-in-medicine.html
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